Osteonecrosis

 

Alternative Names

Avascular necrosis; Bone infarction; Ischemic bone necrosis; AVN; Aseptic necrosis

Definition

Osteonecrosis is bone death caused by poor blood supply. It is most common in the hip and shoulder, but can affect other large joints such as the knee, elbow, wrist and ankle.

Causes

Osteonecrosis occurs when part of the bone does not get blood and dies. After a while the bone can collapse. If osteonecrosis is not treated, the joint deteriorates, leading to severe arthritis.

Osteonecrosis can be caused by disease, or a severe trauma, such as a fracture or dislocation, that affects the blood supply to the bone. Osteonecrosis can also occur without trauma or disease. This is called idiopathic -- meaning it occurs without any known cause.

The following can cause:

Some diseases that are associated with the development of this condition include:

When occurs in the shoulder joint, it is usually due to long-term treatment with steroids or a history of trauma to the shoulder.

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease is a similar condition seen in children and adolescents.

Symptoms

There are no symptoms in the early stages. As bone damage worsens, you may have the following symptoms:

  • Pain in the joint that may increase over time and becomes severe if the bone collapses
  • Pain that occurs even at rest
  • Limited range of motion
  • Groin pain, if the hip joint is affected
  • Limping, if the condition occurs in or below the hips

Exams and Tests

Your health care provider will do a complete physical exam to find out if you have any diseases or conditions that may affect your bones. You will be asked about your symptoms and medical history.

  • When did the pain start?
  • Does the pain spread (radiate) anywhere?
  • Is the pain constant, or does it get better at night or at rest?
  • Have you noticed any difference in how much or how far you can move (your mobility)?
  • Do pain relievers help?
  • Are you taking any steroids now, or have you ever taken them?
  • Do you drink alcohol? If so, how much?
  • Do you or your family have any clotting disorders?

Be sure to let your health care provider know about any medicines or vitamin supplements you are taking, even over-the-counter medicine.

After the exam, your health care provider will order one or more of the following tests:

Treatment

If your health care provider knows the cause for osteonecrosis, part of the treatment will be aimed at the underlying condition. For example, if a blood clotting disorder is the cause, treatment will consist, in part, of clot-dissolving medicine.

If the condition is caught early, you will take pain relievers and limit use of the affected area. This may include using crutches if your hip, knee, or ankle is affected. You may need to do range-of-motion exercises. Nonsurgical treatment can often slow the progression of osteonecrosis, but most people will need surgery.

Surgical options include:

  • A bone graft
  • A bone graft along with its blood supply (vascularized bone graft)
  • Cutting the bone and changing its alignment to relieve stress on the bone or joint (osteotomy)
  • Total joint replacement
  • Removing part of the inside of the bone (core decompression) to relieve pressure and allow new blood vessels to form

Support Groups

You can find more information and support resources at the following organizations:

Outlook (Prognosis)

How well you do depends on the following:

  • The cause of the osteonecrosis
  • Stage of the disease when it was diagnosed
  • Amount of bone involved
  • Your age and overall health

The outcome can vary from complete healing to permanent damage in the affected bone.

Possible Complications

Advanced osteonecrosis can lead to osteoarthritis and permanent decreased mobility. Severe cases may require joint replacement.

When to Contact a Medical Professional

Call your health care provider if you have symptoms.

Prevention

Many cases of osteonecrosis do not have a known cause, so prevention may not be possible. In some cases, you can reduce your risk by doing the following:

  • Avoid drinking excessive amounts of alcohol.
  • When possible, avoid high doses and long-term use of corticosteroids.
  • Dive safely to avoid decompression sickness.

References

Chang C, Greenspan A, Gershwin ME. Osteonecrosis. In: Firestein GS, Budd RC, Gabriel SE, et al., eds. Kelly’s Textbook of Rheumotology. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier Saunders; 2012:chap 103.

Whyte MP. Osteonecrosis, osteosclerosis/hyperstosis, and other disorders of the bone. In: Goldman L, Schafer AI, eds. Goldman's Cecil Medicine. 24th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: Elsevier Saunders; 2011:chap 256.

Review Date: 4/16/2013
Reviewed By: C. Benjamin Ma, MD, Assistant Professor, Chief, Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, UCSF Department of Orthopaedic Surgery. Also reviewed by A.D.A.M. Health Solutions, Ebix, Inc., Editorial Team: David Zieve, MD, MHA, Bethanne Black, Stephanie Slon, and Nissi Wang.

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